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The illicit cigarette trade is defined as “the production, import, export, purchase, sale, or possession of tobacco goods which fail to comply with legislation” (FATF 2012).〔 Illicit cigarette trade activities fall under 3 categories: # Contraband: cigarettes smuggled from abroad without domestic duty paid # Counterfeit: cigarettes manufactured without authorization of the rightful owners, with intent to deceive consumers and to avoid paying duty # Illicit whites: brands manufactured legitimately in one country, but smuggled and sold in another without duties being paid. == Drivers of illicit trade == The illicit trade of tobacco is both supply and demand driven, as consumers look to save money by evading taxes on tobacco; and suppliers want to take advantage of easy border entry, high profit margins, and weak repercussions if caught. Illegal cigarettes are priced much cheaper than legal cigarettes, and do not undergo stringent regulation in the form of health warnings, product checks, or age verification. Studies highlight that increased tobacco taxes do not dissuade consumers from smoking, rather, consumers turn to cheaper brands and illegal cigarettes.〔Robinson, D. (2013) ‘Smokers turning more to illicit tobacco’. The Financial Times () available from Illicit cigarettes continue to dominate in Malaysia, where 34.5% of all cigarettes (ITIC 2013),〔Internatioinal Tax and Investment Center and Oxford Economics (2013) 'Asia-11 Illicit Tobacco Indicator 2012'. International Tax and Investment Center and Oxford Economics, 1-132〕 approximately 7.9 billion sticks, sold were illicit. Illicit trade remains prevalent in Malaysia due to its long coast lines, which allow for shipments to be sent from neighbouring nations, such as kreteks from Indonesia, into the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak (Rejab and Zain 2006).〔Rejab, I. and Zain, Z. (2006) 'Modus Operandi of Cigarette Smuggling'. South East Asia Tobacco Control Alliance, 1-44〕 Smugglers have also become increasingly more efficient in unloading, storing, and distributing smuggled cigarettes quickly in local villages; whilst avoiding Customs officers. In Lahad Datu (Sabah), locals have become part of the problem, as they frequently purchase illicit cigarettes from illegal immigrants from the Philippines and Indonesia—who openly pedal these goods out in the open in a thriving flea market full of smuggled illicit goods (New Straits Times 2013).〔New Straits Times (2013) 'Lahad Datu: Locals a part of the problem'. New Straits Times available from The implementation of the Plain Packaging Act of tobacco products in 2012 in Australia has sparked debate on its efficacy on reducing the incidence of smoking among youth. While some studies conclude that plain packaging will make cigarettes less attractive to youth, the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) has lobbied against the sale of plain packaged cigarettes—citing lack of evidence.〔Doward, J. (2012) ‘US free market group tries to halt sales of cigarettes in plain packets in UK’. The Guardian () available from 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「illicit cigarette trade」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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